الكثير من القضايا العالمية.
الكثير من القضايا العالمية.
محدث: الكثير من القضايا العالمية, 19 الكثير من القضايا العالمية 2013
الكثير من القضايا العالمية. الكثير من القضايا العالمية الكثير من القضايا العالمية الكثير من القضايا العالمية. الكثير من القضايا العالمية, ديك رومي, الكثير من القضايا العالمية.
The definition of a refugee is someone who “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality…” (1951 Refugee Convention)
Although the convention doesn’t specifically deal with people fleeing war, or conflict-related conditions such as famine, the United Nations considers them refugees.
Are refugee population numbers rising or falling?
And with more and more internal conflicts replacing interstate wars, the number of internally displaced has risen significantly in recent years.
By the end of 2012, there were 15.4 million refugees, according to the U.N. refugee agency, مفوضية شؤون اللاجئين – the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees.
UNHCR is responsible for 10.5 million refugees, وآخر 4.9 million Palestinian refugees in Jordan, لبنان, سوريا, Gaza and the West Bank are helped by the U.N. Relief and Works Agency (الأونروا).
Another 28.8 million people were displaced within their own countries because of violence or persecution, according to UNHCR. This figure does not include people uprooted by disasters like quakes and floods, who numbered 32.4 مليون شخص في 2012, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC).
Aid workers call these internally displaced people “النازحين” for short, sometimes distinguishing between conflict IDPs و disaster IDPs.
The media often employs the term refugee incorrectly to describe economic migrants or illegal immigrants.
Economic migrants leave a country voluntarily to seek a better life. If they returned home they would continue to receive the protection of their government. Refugees would not.
Refugees and IDPs – what’s the difference?
Refugees and IDPs have often fled for the same reasons, but there are crucial differences in how the two groups are treated.
Once they cross an international boundary refugees will normally receive food, shelter and a place of safety. They are protected by international laws and conventions.
The U.N. refugee agency and other humanitarian organisations work within this legal framework to help refugees restart their lives or eventually return home.
By contrast, IDPs have little, if any, of the protection and help that refugees get. The domestic government, which may view them as enemies of the state, retains control of their fate. They may also fall prey to rebels and militias operating inside or outside the camp.
There are no specific legal instruments relating to IDPs and no U.N. body dedicated to their needs. Donors may also be unwilling to offer help if it means intervening in internal conflicts.
There’s widespread debate on who should be responsible for IDPs. UNHCR is not specifically mandated to cover their needs, but as they face many of the same problems as refugees, the agency oversees their protection and shelter in some places.
Some countries have passed laws, giving IDPs the right to social, economic and legal help. Countries include Azerbaijan, البوسنة والهرسك, كولومبيا, كرواتيا, Georgia and Russia.
Refugee crises
In a crisis most refugees do not head to the West – they head over the nearest border. For many years Pakistan has hosted the largest number of refugees, taking in millions of people who fled violence in Afghanistan.
ومع ذلك, large numbers have returned since the fall of the Taliban in 2001.
Syria was host to the largest number of refugees after Pakistan and Iran, until its civil war forced hundreds of thousands to flee across the border.
Iraq is another major source of refugees. In 2006 و 2007 حول 2 million people fled to Syria and Jordan whose schools, hospitals and public services became seriously overstretched. Hundreds of thousands are still living as refugees.
Kenya is home to hundreds of thousands of refugees, the majority from Somalia.
تشاد, one of the world’s poorest countries, is also home to large numbers of refugees from conflicts in Sudan’s Darfur region and Central African Republic. The influx has put pressure on scarce water and food resources.
People who apply for refugee status normally need to establish individually that their fear of persecution is well-founded.
ومع ذلك, individual screening may be impossible during mass exoduses sparked by crises like Syria, Darfur or Somalia. In such circumstances, it may be appropriate to give everyone in the group refugee status in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
IDP crises
Colombia has the largest number of IDPs, with between 4.9 و 5.5 million people displaced in 2012, according to IDMC figures.
Conflicts in Syria, الكونغو, سودان, Iraq and Somalia have also created massive internal displacement. For figures have a look at the IDMC’s table.
There can be wide discrepancies in figures for displacement. Governments may give lower numbers for political reasons while pressure groups may bump them up.
Dangers
Arriving at a camp for refugees or IDPs does not ensure safety. Violence may come from militias and rebels operating inside or outside the camps.
After the 1994 Rwandan genocide large numbers of Hutus fled into Democratic Republic of Congo. It took a while for aid organisations to realise that Hutu militia leaders blamed for the massacres of Rwandan Tutsis virtually controlled the camps.
Another example is the camps in West Timor for refugees who fled the violence sparked by East Timor’s independence vote in 2000. These camps were teeming with pro-Jakarta militia. Attacks and intimidation got so bad that UNHCR was forced to suspend its work. The militia also stopped refugees who wanted to return home to East Timor from leaving the camps.
Militias are not the only problem. Camps may also come under attack from troops targeting rebels they think are sheltering inside. This has happened in Darfur.
Refugees may also end up in a country that is itself far from safe. In a horrifying case in 2004, armed men attacked a camp for Congolese refugees in Burundi, setting huts ablaze and killing around 160 اشخاص, mostly women and children.
Cross border attacks are another danger. Agencies often try to make sure camps aren’t too close to borders, but refugees may want to be near the border so that they can go home as soon as it seems safe.
Women
Women face particular dangers when forced to flee their homes. They are at risk from sexual and physical violence both inside and outside camps.
In Darfur they have often been raped while on long trips from the camps to look for firewood. There were reports in Iraq of militants demanding sex in return for delivering clean water to the camps.
Often separated from their husbands, they may also be forced to take on the responsibility of providing for their families on top of their traditional roles. And without agricultural land, they may have to leave camps to forage for food.
And they may be forced to resort to prostitution to support their children. Often women refugees use all their savings just to get out of the country. They have no source of income and their bodies may be the only thing left they have to sell.
This happened with Iraqi women who fled to Syria. Some may have been tricked into the sex trade but many say they had no other means of supporting their family. Displaced women in Colombia tell similar stories.
Women may not even be safe within their families. There is strong evidence that domestic violence rises with displacement. Depression, unemployment and other stresses can lead men to take out their anger and frustration on women.
الأطفال
Displaced children also face many dangers, especially if they have become separated from their families.
They risk abduction and recruitment by rebels or government forces, enslavement and sexual exploitation.
Displaced children also miss out on education. Experts estimate that many of Colombia’s displaced are school-age children and that most never return to the classroom.
Malnutrition levels are often high among displaced children and healthcare limited or lacking altogether.
Health
Poor nutrition, sanitary conditions, dirty water and lack of access to health services mean refugees and IDPs are prey to a host of diseases, most of them preventable.
Common ones include diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, measles and meningitis. Overcrowding in camps contributes to the spread of illness.
Many people displaced by a conflict or disaster also suffer trauma-related problems. Children may be particularly affected.
It is often forgotten that people fleeing war may have been tortured, raped or witnessed atrocities. Humanitarian agencies are increasingly recognising the importance of providing psycho-social help but support remains limited.
Going home
Most refugees eventually hope to return home. But not everyone starts packing their belongings the minute a peace deal is signed.
Mass repatriations can create more problems than they solve if the home country doesn’t have the capacity to absorb them.
Pakistan is keen to repatriate all remaining Afghan refugees as soon as it can, but Afghanistan lacks shelter, jobs, infrastructure and security.
If people return only to discover they have no house or job, analysts say they may join the Taliban out of resentment or be forced to join in order to survive. Others will simply return to Pakistan.
UNHCR has asked the international community to invest in infrastructure, shelter and livelihoods for returnees to prevent this happening.
Going home is rarely as straightforward as it sounds.
Returning refugees may find other people have taken over their land and/or home while they’ve been away. Ownership records may have been destroyed or never have existed.
And there may be nowhere to grow crops – after years of conflict the land may be overgrown or littered with landmines.
Public healthcare, المدارس, الطرق, water supplies and sanitation may all have fallen into disrepair or be non-existent.
Returns can also rekindle ethnic animosities and land disputes. And just because there’s a peace deal doesn’t mean the bloodshed is over. Look at Congo and South Sudan.
Some people may not want to go home. Some residents in the camps in Pakistan have been there more than 25 سنوات. The camps have clinics, schools and jobs; many of the villages they’d be returning to in Afghanistan have nothing. Many of the younger people in the camps were actually born there – they’ve never set foot in Afghanistan.
During Sudan’s civil war, many of those who fled the south and settled in the north were reluctant to return south when the peace deal was signed in 2005. Many have lived their entire lives in urban environments in northern Sudan and been educated in Arabic, with free access to health and education. South Sudan was devastated by the war and lacks even basic services and infrastructure.
Resettlement
In some cases refugees can’t go home because they would face persecution. In such cases UNHCR tries to resettle them in the asylum country where they are living or in a third country.
Several countries have established annual resettlement quotas whereby they take a certain number of refugees each year. Countries without quotas may consider individual cases, often because of family or cultural links.
Refugee experts say the U.S.-led global “war on terror” and tightened immigration procedures have hampered resettlement programmes.
The future
Despite massive repatriation operations in South Sudan and Afghanistan, the number of refugees is rising as conflicts deteriorate.
But the number of people fleeing violence could soon be dwarfed by those displaced because of global warming and environmental changes.
Rising sea levels, deforestation and desertification are just some of the reasons that will force people to move.
A predicted rise in natural disasters such as floods, droughts and landslides is also likely to increase displacement.
مارس
2014
نبذة عن الكاتب:
أنا أبحث لإحداث فرق في حياة الناس الذين يعيشون في فقر مدقع والذين يعيشون في ظروف معيشية غير ملائمة. رأيت الأوضاع في فقر مدقع والكوارث على حد سواء، وأعتقد أننا يمكن أن نقوم بعمل أفضل من يساعد خارجا; خصوصا الأطفال, الأطفال, والأسر. نحن محظوظون لكوننا نعيش في أمريكا, وهذا هو وقتي لتقديم الأفضل! لن تشاركوني?